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悬垂分词
上文提到,在用分词短语作状语时,一般其逻辑主语要与主语的主句- -致。但悬垂分词却例外,悬垂分词在传统语法中一般视为病句,因此初学者不宜模仿。但是,悬垂分词也有个可接受性的问题,对于这种情况应具体问题具体分析。
(1 )一些习惯用语,如generally, judging, supposing, granted等,其逻辑主语为说话者或泛指任何人,用来修饰全句。例如:
Generally speaking, girls work harder than boys.
总的来说,女孩比男孩刻苦些。
Judging by her appearance, she must be 18.
从外貌看她一定是18岁。
Granted that he did say so, what harm can you see in it?
就算他说了这话,你又看出有什么不好呢?
这些分词中其中有些已被词典收集为连词,如providing/provided, seeing that (....看来),
supposing等;有的已被收集为介词,如concerning (关于), regarding (关于), considering (鉴于)
等。
例如:
She's very active, considering her age.
就她的年龄而论,她是非常活跃的。
I will go providing (that) my expenses are paid.
要是我的费用有人代付我就去.
They had a heated discussion concerning certain linguistic problems.
他们激烈地讨论了某些语言学上的问题。
考点
that he has been in England for only a few months, he speaks English quite
well.
A. He considered
B. I considered
C. Considering
D. Considered
解析:答案为C.这里considering相当于一个介词,作“鉴于”解。其他选项不合习惯用法,且B意思也不通。
(2)在科技语体中,悬垂分词用得较多,这应该视为正常,因为科技语体通常避免使用人称主语。例如:
Using the nuclear energy, it is important to reduce radiation to an ideal degree.
使用核能的时候,将辐射降低到理想程度是至关重要的。
When analyzing the chemical composition of water, an electrolysis instrument is needed.
分析水的化学成分的时候,需要一个电解器。
(3)在其他语体中,若悬垂分词不引起歧义或造成语义混乱,通常也可以接受。这类句子一般可以看出其逻辑主语。例如:
Standing near the cliff, her heart beat fast. (逻辑主语为she)
站在悬崖边上,她的心跳得厉害。
Looking ahead to the weekend, temperature will be lower. (逻辑主语为we)
展望周末,气温将会降低。
Caught in a trfflc jam, it is easy to lose patience. (逻辑主语为one或people in general)
堵车时,人们很容易失去耐心。
但是,有些悬垂现象却应该避免,尤其是在脱离一定的语境时。 例如:
Walking in the fields, a snake bit Tom in the heel. (√)
Running out of the house, a lorry knocked me over. (√)
还有些悬垂分词,会引起歧异或早晨表意混乱,则视为不可接受。例如:
Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out. (X)
Grilling on charcoal, we liked the fish much better. (X)
上述仅就分词的悬垂现象作了讲解。实际上,不定式也有类似的情况。例如:
To determine the number of cells, a sample is put under a microscope.
要确定细胞的数量,取样品放在显微镜下。
To learn English well, a lot of practice is needed.
要学好英语,需要进行大量的练习。
除了上述的第一种情况(习惯用语)已被接受外,无论哪种情况的悬垂结构,初学者都要对之慎之又慎,尤其是在一些测试中。 在写作中也不要使用悬垂结构,以避免使用不当而引起歧异或造成表意混乱。
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